Brain cancer in children is one of the most complex and dangerous diseases in pediatric oncology. Although it is rarer than cancer in other organs, it can have severe consequences if not diagnosed and treated in time. In this article, we will discuss the key aspects of the disease, its symptoms, diagnosis, and available treatment methods.
What is Brain Cancer in Children?
Brain cancer in children (often referred to as pediatric neuroblastoma or brain tumor) is a tumor that develops in the brain or surrounding structures. It can be a primary tumor (which starts in the brain) or metastatic (when cancer spreads from other parts of the body to the brain).
Brain tumors in children can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant. Malignant tumors can grow rapidly and spread, affecting different parts of the brain and causing damage.
Causes of Brain Cancer in Children
The exact causes of brain cancer in children are not fully understood. In most children, brain cancer develops without an apparent cause. However, in some cases, certain genetic mutations or hereditary diseases may increase the risk of developing tumors. These include:
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Genetic syndromes. For example, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Neufner syndrome, Gorlin syndrome.
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Pre-existing conditions. For example, children who have previously undergone treatment for cancer or other malignant diseases may have a higher risk of developing brain tumors.
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Ionizing radiation. Certain types of treatments, such as radiation, can increase the risk of brain cancer in the future.
Symptoms of Brain Cancer in Children
The symptoms of brain cancer depend on the tumor’s location in the brain, its size, and growth rate. Some of the most common symptoms include:
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Headaches. Headaches become more intense, especially in the morning.
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Vomiting. Vomiting may occur without an apparent cause and is often in the morning.
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Behavioral changes. Children may experience mood changes, aggression, depression, or other behavioral disturbances.
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Coordination problems. These may include difficulties with walking, arm movements, or even seizures.
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Seizures. In some children, brain cancer leads to the development of seizures that weren’t present before.
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Vision problems. If the tumor develops in the area responsible for vision, problems such as double vision or vision loss may occur.
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Weakness or numbness. Depending on the tumor’s location, weakness in the limbs or loss of sensation may develop.
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Developmental delays. In younger children, brain cancer may present as a delay in psychomotor development.
Diagnosis of Brain Cancer in Children
The diagnosis of brain cancer begins with a careful observation of symptoms and a consultation with a pediatrician. If brain cancer is suspected, the following diagnostic tests may be conducted:
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This is one of the most accurate imaging methods, allowing for the detection of tumors in the brain and assessment of their size.
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Computed Tomography (CT). This method is used for more detailed analysis, including detecting swelling and changes in brain tissue.
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Used to assess tumor spread and metastasis.
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Biopsy. In some cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis by taking a tissue sample from the tumor.
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Laboratory tests. Blood tests may be conducted to check levels of various substances such as proteins or hormones that may indicate the presence of cancer.
Treatment of Brain Cancer in Children
Treatment of brain cancer in children depends on the tumor type, its location, disease stage, and the child's overall health. The main treatment methods include:
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Surgery. In most cases, the first step is the removal of the tumor. If the tumor is accessible for surgical removal, it is removed to reduce its mass and alleviate symptoms.
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Radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is used when the tumor cannot be completely removed. It may also be used after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells.
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Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is used to treat malignant tumors to kill cancer cells and prevent disease spread.
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Immunotherapy. This is a modern treatment method that involves activating the child’s immune system to fight cancer cells. It shows promising results.
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Targeted therapy. Used when the tumor has specific molecular or genetic mutations. This therapy targets specific molecules or mechanisms that allow the tumor to grow.
Prognosis
The prognosis for children with brain cancer depends on many factors, including the tumor type, disease stage, and treatment success. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the chances of complete recovery are high. However, in more advanced stages or in the case of inoperable tumors, the prognosis may be less favorable.
Over time, treatment methods are improving, and more children with brain tumors are surviving and leading full lives.
Conclusion
Brain cancer in children is a serious condition that requires immediate attention and treatment. Parents should be vigilant to any changes in their child’s behavior or physical condition and seek medical advice as soon as any symptoms arise. Modern diagnostic and treatment methods provide high chances of recovery, and the earlier treatment begins, the better the chance of overcoming the disease.
